Chinese agriculture is dominated by smallholder farmers and decentralised small-scale field operations, which are highly vulnerable to climate change and extreme events. To maintain their basic livelihoods, smallholder farmers often adopt accessible technologies to enhance crop production and cope with weather disasters and climate extremes. This project aims to build adaptive capacity among multi-stakeholders, including smallholder farmers, researchers, and local leaders in climate-vulnerable arid regions, through exploring innovative technologies in the context of Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA). The primary achievements are to mitigate agricultural climate risks and promote innovative technologies to strengthen the resilience of smallholder farmers against climate change. 

Overall, the project deepened smallholder farmer’s understanding of climate risks, spurred innovation in CSA adaptive technologies, and enriched adaptation options for local and international stakeholders. The international CSA workshops addressed Asia-Pacific agricultural climate risks, enhanced practical CSA actions, and facilitated knowledge exchange across countries and regions. It further delivered robust scientific evidence and practical recommendations to inform national agricultural adaptation policies and offered replicable experiences for similar agricultural systems in the Asia-Pacific region.