Mongolia is extremely vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical location, fragile ecosystem, and economic system dependent on nature and climate. Especially, rural people and herders in Mongolia are a social group that is very sensitive and vulnerable to climate change. This study aimed to define the condition of the social and economic vulnerability of rural people to climate change at the soum level in the Bayankhongor, Dundgovi, and Khovd provinces. Socioeconomic data were collected in a continuous series for the last 10 years. Socioeconomic variables of the vulnerability to climate change were calculated and thematic images were created using ArcGIS for each soum of three provinces for comparison of the provincial average. As a result, we identified 8 major social variables including rural poverty; unemployment rate; dependency ratio; population growth and migration (the average annual growth rate of the population and the net migration rate); education level of the rural population; share of male/female headed household in total household; death rate from cardiovascular diseases; and supply of doctors and specialists (number of physicians per 10,000 people). In the future, the study can be further explored by understanding the interrelationships and correlations between social variables of vulnerability and vulnerability assessment. The results can be used for the implementation of climate change adaptation strategies at the local level, and the development of science-based policies can be supported.