This conference proceeding explores the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of Mongolia’s pastoral livestock systems in response to climate change. Focusing on herder communities in Khovd province, the study evaluates environmental, social, economic, and agricultural factors across 17 soums (districts) to assess their susceptibility to climate-related hazards such as droughts and dzuds. The research emphasises the interlinked socio-ecological system of nomadic pastoralism, where herders, livestock, and nature form a resilient yet sensitive network.

Using a multi-dimensional vulnerability assessment framework aligned with IPCC definitions, the study analyses exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity, and resilience through indicators like pasture quality, livestock numbers, migration patterns, and local governance. A vulnerability index was developed to rank soums by their risk levels.

The findings highlight that certain soums, such as Altai, Tsengel, and Mankhan, face higher vulnerability due to environmental degradation, overgrazing, and limited adaptive strategies. The study underscores the urgent need for locally tailored, ecosystem-based adaptation planning to enhance herders’ resilience and maintain sustainable livelihoods under shifting climate conditions.