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APN NewsletterVol.8, No.2April 2002
.We experienced pleasant winds and beautiful sunsets in Manila on the occasion of the 7th Scientific Planning Group (SPG) and Inter-Governmental Meeting (IGM) from 18 to 22 March 2002. The meeting marked a historical milestone in the APN which included the adoption of the "Framework of the Asia Pacific Network for Global Change Research," approval of APN funded projects in 2002/2003, the formulation of an ad hoc working group on mobilising financial resources, and the preparation of a systematic performance review of APN in time for the 10th anniversary, and a new strategic plan to be introduced at the 10th SPG/IGM in 2005. Amongst such achievements, I believe that the framework document will promote the APN's status in the international community and throughout member countries in the Asia Pacific so that APN will receive more support from stakeholders in this region. I would also like to congratulate the proponents who received project funding this year following SPG and IGM approval. The Secretariat launched the "Call for Proposals 2002" process this April, details of which can be found in the supplementary sheet to this newsletter as well as on the APN homepage <www.apn.gr.jp>. The 7th SPG/IGM also adopted new activities, namely the capacity building workshop on integrated monitoring and assessment, the vegetation recovery workshop on degraded land areas and - and for the first time -the commissioning of an annual APN report. This year in Japan, cherry tree blossoms bloomed ten to fourteen days earlier than in previous year's because of a warmer than average winter and early arrival of spring. Many people feel that the climate is truly changing. This heightens the need for APN to provide quality scientific products to policy makers as well as to the general public. -Ryutaro Yatsu Back to the contents of APN Newsletters Apr 2002 The APN's 7th Scientific Planning Group (SPG) and Inter-Governmental Meeting (IGM), Manila, PhilippinesThe APN's 7th Scientific Planning Group (SPG) and Inter-Governmental Meeting (IGM) were held in Manila, Philippines on 18-19 and 21-22 March, respectively. The meetings were superbly hosted by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Philippines. Special thanks also to Honourable Heherson T. Alvarez, Secretary, Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines, for hosting a truly special IGM reception dinner with traditional dancing and music performed by DENR staff. This allowed delegates to gain a colourful insight into Filipino culture and traditions. Scientific Planning Group meeting APN Global Change Awareness Raising Symposium Inter-Governmental Meeting
APN CALL FOR PROPOSALS 2002 A copy of the APN Call for Proposals 2002 is enclosed within this newsletter.The deadline for the optional pre-proposal stage is Friday, 7 June 2002. Concerning assistance APN can provide during this stage, please refer to the enclosed Call for Proposals 2002.The deadline for full proposals is Wednesday, 25 September 2002, midnight Japanese time. Proponents should use the "The APN Call for Proposals 2002 - Guide for Proponents" in making their application, as changes have been made to previous versions. The updated 2002 guide can be found on the APN homepage <www.apn.gr.jp>
NEW APN SECRETARIAT LINE-UP Dr. Linda Stevenson, a native of Scotland, joined the APN Secretariat in January 2002 as the new APN Programme Manager responsible for managing scientific activities, including the call for proposals process. Linda graduated from Glasgow University in 1990 with an honours degree in Pure Chemistry, Strathclyde University in 1991, Department of Education, with a Post-graduate Certificate in Secondary Education (teaching Chemistry and Biology), and in 1997 graduated from Strathclyde University, Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry with a PhD. Linda's thesis was on "membranes from novel polymer-polymer complexes". Research involved developing hollow fibre membranes from novel polymer-polymer complexes with superior gas separation properties (e.g. CO2/CH4 & N2/O2) and pervaporation separation properties of water/alcohol mixtures. In 1996 Linda came to Japan and worked as an inspection engineer with a quality assurance inspection company in Kobe, Japan from 1996-1999, and before joining the APN worked as a technical writer at Kobe University. In April, Mr. Toshiaki Mitani took over from Mr. Atsuhito Fukuoka as Administrative Manager. Mr. Mitani, a governmental official from Hyogo prefecture previously worked at the Department of Agriculture. We wish Mr. Fukuoka every success in his new position at the International Relations Division, Hyogo Prefectural Government.
Back to the contents of APN Newsletters Apr 2002 GUESTARTICLE The Poverty of Economics in Times of Global Change Ecological economics and technological rescue Implicit in all economic theories is the argument that, if followed, the economic recipe espoused will lead to a more extensive, deeper and more durable prosperity. But mainstream economic theories, from Keynsianism through to socialism and monetarism evolved in an earlier time, when the world was far less "full" than it currently is. Thus, all dominant economic theories are united by a common disregard for environmental resources. All treat, in one way or another, the question of a damaged environment as comparatively trivial. This "trivial" problem is thus rarely considered; but when environmental scarcity is discussed it is usually argued as best solved by market principles and technological substitution. Whlaes, horses and cod The theory of indefinite substitution itself needs substitution. For example, the market has not yet been able to find an adequate replacement for the once vast cod fisheries of the Northern Atlantic. True, aquaculture is now an important source of fish protein, but this provides little consolation for the fishing communities once dependent on cod. Recovery may take far longer than a human generation - no one knows. Yet in some regions where the market was not allowed to run free, such as off the coast of Norway, a viable, apparently sustainable, cod fishery continues to flourish. Additionally, subsidies - based on an underlying assumption that nature was unimportant - played an important role in over fishing. The cod-fishing industry was artificially fortified by resources taken from elsewhere in the economy, in what can now be seen as a determined and largely successful effort to destroy its resource base. The Norwegians also paid far more heed to the scientific advice they were receiving. Necessity may be the mother of invention, but it does not have magical power. When the Polynesian civilisation on Easter Island collapsed it had completed a record number of statues, which presumably had an important religious or at least cultural purpose. But neither the efforts of the people, nor prayer, were capable of restoring the damaged forest, essential not only for statue building, but also for fishing. Technological rescue Technological rescue would be a marvellous solution for the gathering global environmental crisis, but it will not occur automatically. The fruit of sustainable technologies is affected by a lagged dependency on current education, policies, and funding. If these are dominated by old-world thinking then new world solutions are likely to disappoint. For example, mass-produced electricity-generating photovoltaic cells may one day be produced as simply and almost as cheaply as wallpaper<http://www.nature.com/nsu/011108/011108-5.html>. There may be hundreds of similar technologies in the pipeline, but too often these are despite, rather than because of global civilisation's current priorities. A major problem with old-world economics is its incomprehension of discontinuities, or threshold effects - although technological rescue, as vaguely conceived, would indeed be such a discontinuity, if it could occur. A second is its poor understanding of time lags.To illustrate, consider that a single decade or two of the unregulated use of chlorofluorocarbons, by a small fraction of a global population itself far smaller than today's, has led to multi-decadal attenuation of the global stratospheric ozone layer, a kind of atmospheric sunburn cream provided free as one of nature's many services. Almost two decades after confirmation of theoretical concerns themselves raised in the 1970s, stratospheric ozone depletion continues at almost peak levels, and is likely to persist for at least several decades, partly from an interaction with another human-caused phenomenon, that of global warming. A second example concerns CO2, the atmospheric lifetime of which exceeds a century. This means, when estimating projected climate change, we must not only consider today's emissions, but that of 50-100 years ago. The atmospheric concentration of CO2, rather like the water level in a basin, is a function not just of the force of the tap filling it, but also of the leakiness of the plug allowing water to drain. The CO2 level is determined, roughly, by the addition of human-caused CO2 over each of the last 100 years. Assuming a bell-shaped CO2 emission curve, the CO2 concentration won't fall until at least 50 years after the time of its maximum emission. This means that even if our children's generation, unlike ours, take the threat of climate change seriously, then a rapid, policy-driven, technological transition may not then be enough to avert serious climate change; the CO2 concentration is likely to rise, no matter what they do. Of course, technological change cannot alone provide the multi-dimensional sustainability transition that is needed. Other components include an accelerated demographic transition, organisational transition and, underpinning everything, an attitudinal transition. Cumulatively, these changes mean a passage from the old "empty" world-view that regards nature as a resource to be consumed to one where nature is recognised as humanity's main ally. Hope and profit Countries, companies and economies that care not just about tomorrow, but the next century, now have an unprecedented opportunity to profit from their leadership. Not only will their shareholders thank them, but so will our children. Non-ecological economics needs to be consigned to history books and museums as an outmoded and primitive way of describing the world. If we don't do this, then it may be civilisation which instead becomes extinct. Colin
Butler Please
also refer to:BODHI website <http://www.angelfire.com/on/bodhi> Back to the contents of APN Newsletters Apr 2002 ATMOSPHERIC MODELLING DEVELOPMENTS AT CSIRO John McGregor, Hal Gordon, Kevin
Walsh and Kathleen McInnes, There have been a number of recent climate modelling developments at CSIRO Atmospheric Research. These developments provide an enhanced ability to simulate climate and its changes for Asia and Oceania. The developments are: a new coupled atmosphere-ocean global model, a new stretched-grid atmospheric global model, high-resolution cyclone simulations, and storm surge modelling. The mission statement of CSIRO Atmospheric Research is "to conduct world-class research into the atmospheric environment and provide advice and applications for the benefit of Australia" 1)The Mk3 atomospere-ocean global model 2)The streched-grid conformal-cubic model The conformal-cubic model is being used as one of the models in the Regional Model Intercomparison Project (APN project 2001-05 & 2002-02), with far-field conditions provided by reanalyses for 1997 and 1998 from the National Center for Environmental Prediction. Results were presented at the Regional Climate Model Workshop held in Kobe, Japan, from 11 to 13 December 2001. An example of CCAM performance is given in Fig. 2, which shows differences between modelled JJA rainfall in 1998 from that in 1997; the corresponding observed fields derived by Xie and Arkin are also shown. The interannual differences are captured over much of the domain, including southern India, Indochina, China and Korea; the differences are not well simulated over northern India, Bangladesh, Tibet and Japan. 3)High-resolultion cyclone simulation Other simulations using DARLAM have examined the effect of climate change on the intensity of tropical cyclones. Artificial tropical cyclones of a specified intensity were inserted into a DARLAM simulation for the Australian region and the resulting evolution of their intensities was examined, under current and enhanced greenhouse conditions. The results showed some increases in tropical cyclone intensities under enhanced greenhouse conditions. Similar results have been obtained by workers at the U.S. Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, for other regions of the globe. Simulations by DARLAM and other models suggest increases of more than 20% in tropical cyclone rainfall intensity after 2050. There are a number of possible practical implications of these results. Although detailed recommendations have not yet been made, increased tropical cyclone wind speeds may have some implications for the design of buildings. In addition, increased rainfall intensities could affect the design of water-storage and drainage structures. DARLAM is a very efficient model, and consequently some very long simulations (140 years) have been performed. The results have been analysed for the interannual and decadal variation of tropical cyclone-like vortices in the south Pacific region. The model has been able to simulate the observed geographical variation of tropical cyclone formation that occurs with different phases of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (more tropical cyclones form further east in the south Pacific during El Nino conditions than during La Nina conditions). The model results also suggest that this geographical variation will continue in a warmer world. More information is available from <www.dar.csiro.au/res/cm/impact.htm> 4)Oceanic coastal flooding and stormk surges Storm surges are simulated by solving equations for the water currents and heights over a specified geographical region. Surface winds and pressure at regular time intervals provide the forcing for the model, as the cyclone travels across the region of interest. In addition to simulating the water levels at the coast, special algorithms allow the overland flooding of low-lying coastal locations to be simulated. Models with this capability are a valuable tool for determining the vulnerability of coastal regions to storm surge inundation. The models can be used to test the effectiveness of flood mitigation strategies such as the construction of sea walls and levees, the deepening of channels and landfilling. The long-term risk of storm surge at specific locations can be assessed using storm-surge models. A recent CSIRO study (McInnes et al., 2002) describes a methodology in which the risk of storm surge under present and enhanced greenhouse conditions was evaluated on the north-eastern Australian coast. A large number of cyclones were randomly selected, to represent a plausible population of those affecting the area of interest. The storm surges from each cyclone were simulated and the results used to determine the average recurrence interval of surges of a given severity. By factoring in possible changes to cyclone behaviour under enhanced greenhouse conditions, the changes in storm-surge height for a particular return period were calculated. In Cairns, for example, the current 1-in-100 year storm-surge height is 2.3 m. If cyclone intensity increases by 20% by the year 2050, as suggested by climate projections, then the surge height would rise to 2.6 m. A sea-level rise of 0.1 m would increase the surge height to 2.7 m. Another way of viewing these results is to consider the change in frequency of a 2.3 m surge. This currently occurs every 100 years, on average, but 20% stronger cyclones would bring these surges every 55 years and a 0.1 m sea-level rise would bring these surges every 40 years. In ongoing work, the storm-surge modelling methodology is being used to calculate the long-term risk for a number of Pacific Island Countries. Reference McGregor, J.L., and M.R. Dix, 2001: The CSIRO conformal-cubic atmospheric GCM. In IUTAM Symposium on Advances in Mathematical Modelling of Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics, P.F. Hodnett (Ed.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 197-202. McInnes, K.L., K.J.E. Walsh, G.D. Hubbert, and T. Beer, 2002: Impact of sea-level rise and storm surges on a coastal community. To appear in Natural Hazards. Xie, P., and P. A. Arkin, 1996: Analyses of global monthly precipitation using gauge observations, satellite estimates, and numerical model predictions. J. Climate, 9, 840-858.
Back to the contents of APN Newsletters Apr 2002 APN Supported
Projects 2002-2003 OCEANIA AIACC Project USP Environmental Inventory Alliance of Small States(AOSIS) Inter-Regional Preparatory
Meeting for WSSD. Singapore 7-11 January 2002 Thermal Energy Fuel Study, Palau Workshop on Sustainable Energy Policies and Strategies
in Pacific SIDS, Fiji 4-5 Feb 2002 The Pacific Islands Community-based Consservation Course
(PICC Course) European Union Funds: Marine Resources and Plant Protection
Program for the Pacific Region
Benefiting from the projects are Fiji, Kiribati, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. Under separate EU funding, Wallis & Futuna, New Caledonia and French Polynesia will also benefit. The overall goal of the Pacific Regional Oceanic and Coastal Fisheries Program (PROCFISH) is to contribute to the long-term sustainable management of fishery resources of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean. The Plant Protection in the Pacific (PPP) project is the second phase of an earlier program aimed at improving the capability of regional quarantine services and plant protection. The PPP will ensure that regional quarantine services are better able to minimise the spread of plant diseases in an era of free trade and increased tourism. The projects will be implemented on behalf of pacific nations by SPC. Compiled from report by APN Liaison Officer Ms. Leigh-Anne Buliruarua SOUTH ASIA A workshop on 'Weather and Climate Modelling' was organised in New Delhi during 7-9 February 2002 under the aegis of the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum that had been set up recently to strengthen and facilitate joint work and cooperation between the scientific communities of both countries in a more flexible manner. The workshop was organised with a view to bring together scientists involved in the area of weather and climate modelling for exchanging views and sharing experiences and planning future work toward a common goal of mutual interest and benefit. The workshop was hosted by the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (NCMRWF), a premier institute in weather forecasting with advanced computing facilities located in New Delhi, India. There were about 120 delegates in all who participated in the workshop. After presentations by the scientists from both countries, group discussions were held, to select specific topics of collaboration in various spatial and temporal ranges of forecasting. The three major themes under which various proposals were suggested are i) Improvement of Global Analysis-Forecast System; ii) Mesoscale models: Cloud and Land Surface Process; and iii) Dynamical Extended Range Prediction. Work is underway to prioritise these projects. A copy of abstracts in electronic format can be obtained on request. The proceedings of the workshop will be published shortly. For a detailed summary and outcome of the workshop please visit <www.ncmrwf.gov.in> The XII National Space Science Symposium was held at Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India from 25-28 February 2002. This symposium had specially designated sessions on the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX), space meteorology, climate and global change. The government of Nepal is preparing to set national standards for air, water and noise pollution in response to public concerns about increasing environmental contamination. The Nepalese Ministry of Population and Environment has taken the initiative to establish pollution limits, which will serve as a mandatory regulatory system for the entire country by the middle of 2002. In 2001, the government established vehicular emissions standards for Nepal. The proposed air standards, based on the recommendations of a team of experts from the Institute of Engineering at Tribhuwan University, include values for pollutants such as total suspended particulate and particulate matter of 10 microns in size (PM10). The recommended total for suspended particulates in the air is 230 micrograms per cubic meter. For PM10 the value is 100 micrograms per cubic meter. The corresponding World Health Organization standard over an average period of 24 hours for total suspended particulates is 150 to 230 micrograms per cubic meter, and for PM10 is 70 micrograms per cubic meter. Ministry officials say recommendations have also been made regarding standard values for lead, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide emissions released into the air. (Source: The Environmental News Service of Nepal, email: news@ens-news.com). The 'Bangladesh State of Environment (SOE) Report - 2001' which was prepared by the Department of Environment of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of Bangladesh in collaboration with the Bangladesh Center for Advance Studies (BACS) has been published. Another book on 'Sea-Level Changes in Bangladesh: The Last Ten Thousand Years' authored by M. Shahidul Islam has been published by Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Compiled from report by APN Liaison Officer Dr. C. Sharma SOUTHEAST ASIA 7-11 January 2002. Land Use/Management Change and Trace Gas Emissions in East Asia Project Ref: APN2000-01 & APN2001-16, Los Banos, Philippines. Summarized from report by Arvin R. Mosier; USDA/ARS, P.O. Box E Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA amosier@lamar.colostate.edu; and Cai Zucong Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences P.O. Box 821 Nanjing, China, zccai@ns.issas.ac.cn Being part of the integration of regional climate data, land use management information, and time series of land use changes to aid in the assessment of global environmental policy related to impacts on land productivity and ecosystem responses, the project aims to facilitate policy development for land management and atmospheric constituents in the region. This workshop is the final session of a series of three workshops held since 2000/2001 with the following main objectives; (a) develop an East Asian trace gas flux data base; (b) continue development of temperate East Asia and Southeast Asia land cover/use data bases; (c) integrate agricultural land management into land use data bases; (d) link these data bases; and (e) evaluate methodologies, using land use data bases, to project regional trace gas emissions and (f) to consider mitigation strategies. 17-21 January 2002. APN Project 2001-09: Spatial Data and Information for Land Use and Forest Assessment and Management Final Meeting and Workshop, Bangkok, Thailand Contributed by Jay H. Samek, Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Michigan State University The Environmental Resource Institute (ERIC) at Chulalongkorn University hosted the meeting, which was co-organized by the Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative at Michigan State University and the Southeast Asia START Regional Center (SEA START RC). This final meeting was a culmination of work completed over the past nine months centred on: 1) refining a fractional cover algorithm applied to Landsat 7 ETM+ data through validation and calibration from field data collected in five sites throughout Southeast Asia, 2) the acquisition and development of a new suite of data and data products archived at Michigan State University, and 3) the establishment of a SEARRIN-DISS, a regional data and data information systems and services specific to land use and land cover in Southeast Asia. Over the five days a total of 26 participants from Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam attended the meeting. (Two scientists from the United States attended virtually through the use of web cameras and high-speed Internet lines available at ERIC!) These scientists, collectively, are a part of a larger group known as the Southeast Asia Regional Research and Information Network or SEARRIN. They have been conducting regional science with a particular focus on land use and land cover change as a primary factor for global change research (carbon flux, urban and peri-urban expansion, downstream impacts of deforestation, etc.). A major theme of SEARRIN's on-going collaboration is capacity building. The project continued this with training in developing fractional cover products from satellite imagery in support of natural resource management practices at local, national and regional scales. The initial success of this project, and the proceedings from this meeting, can be seen at the APN 2001-09 project web site: <www.bsrsi.msu.edu/trfic/APN2001-09/> 21
- 24 January 2002. JCOMM/TCP Workshop on South China Sea Storm
Surge, Wave and Ocean Circulation Forecasting, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Participants from all countries surrounding the South China Sea attended this workshop. The overall aim of the workshop was to enable these countries, through technological and scientific progress and mutual cooperation, to establish and/or to improve their systems of marine forecasting, in particular with regards to coastal storm surges connected to tropical cyclones. A second workshop will focus on solving the targeted problems, and compile experienced gained from those countries where operational forecasting to some extent already exists. If successful, we shall be able to initiate a joint SCS project for high accuracy marine forecasting. The preferable launching time could be simultaneously with or before a major Regional Technical Conference on Tropical Cyclones, Storm Surges and Floods planned to be held in Thailand in late 2004. Some important actions agreed to be taken before the next workshop are: Action1 Action2 Action3 21-25 January 2002. Workshop on Forecasting El Nino and La Nina in Indochina. Hanoi, Vietnam (APN 2001-08) Summarized from Report of Dr. Nguyen Huu Ninh (CERED) and Dr. Mick Kelly (UEA) The workshop was a training workshop on the development of seasonal climate forecasting for the Indochina region. The workshop objectives were to develop regional capacity with regard to short-term prediction of El Nino and La Nina impacts; to strengthen national and regional capacity; to strengthen government support and improve public awareness; and, to create regional and international cooperation. The session covered the development and use of statistical and model-based forecasts of the effects of El Nino and La Nina on the climate of Southeast Asia. Cambodia, Lao PDR and Vietnam are the core nations of the Indochina Global Change Network and the workshop was designed to address the particular needs and experiences of these countries. A representative from Myanmar was also in attendance. The workshop drew on expertise in relevant areas from the United States (Glantz and Mason), Australia (Kininmonth and Stone) and the United Kingdom (Granich and Kelly) and peer-group experience from the Vietnamese participants. The on-going project of this workshop was coordinated into regional initiatives such as ASMC, Singapore and WMO CLIPS. The project complements and supports these programmes by providing training in the methods of short-term climate forecasting tailored to specific needs, strengths and aspirations of the Indochina nations. Participants are then able to take full advantage of the opportunities afforded by these other programmes. 11-15 February 2002. Adaptation to Climate Changes: Project Implementers Workshop, Nairobi, Kenya Contributed by Anond Snidvongs The new global program on Assessments of Impacts of and Adaptation to Climate Change in Multiple Regions and Sectors (AIACC) was initiated by IPCC as a mechanism that more information from developing countries in relation to climate change will be incorporated into the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report planned for 2009 or 2010. The project got funding from GEF and has been executed by UNEP, while START and Third World Academy of Science (TWAS) have jointly implemented the project. The Call for Proposals was made last year and more than 140 proposals were received globally. A total of 20 proposals had been accepted for funding while 4 more proposals are awaiting final decision of AIACC. Among all proposals accepted, 6 projects that deal with the Asia-Pacific region are:
In addition another proposal on Small Island states in the Indian Ocean is under revision by AIACC.Compiled from report by APN Liaison Officer Dr. Anond Snidvongs TEMPERATE EAST ASIA 1.Workshop
B) 25-26 February 2002. The International Workshop on the East Asian Climate and Monsoon (IWEC). Seoul, Republic of Korea. This workshop was organized by KMS for the Memorial of Dr. Sung-Euii Moon, former president of the Korean Meteorological Society. The workshop provided a good opportunity to exchange advanced ideas and experiences of the East Asian Monsoon and Climate as well as to cherish the memory of Dr. Sung-Euii Moon who made indelible contributions to research on the East Asian Monsoon. C) 9 March 2002. The First Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) Asia-Australia Monsoon Experiment (CAMP) International Science Panel (CISP) meeting convened at the Earth Observation Research Center (EORC) of the National Space Development Agency (NASDA) in Tokyo, Japan. CEOP was initially motivated by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) international efforts focusing on the measurement, understanding and modelling of water and energy cycles within the climate system. CEOP has gained the interest of other international organizations outside of the WCRP community, as evidenced by the proposal for an integrated Global Water Cycle Observations (IGWCO) theme within the framework of the international Global Observing Strategy Partnership (IGOS-P), which has reaffirmed CEOP as "the first element of the IGWCO". 2.Publications B) The Workshop Proceedings of the Phase I, Regional Model Intercomparison Project for Asia, (APN 2001-05), held in Kobe, Japan, Dec 11-14, 2001 was published at the end of March 2002. About 20 papers were collected relating to the 18-month inter-comparison result of the 10 participating models. Compiled from report by APN Liaison Officer Ms. Yang Ying |
Figure
1: JJA rainfall (mm/day) over the Asian region for a) 30-year
average from the Mk 3 model, and b) observed climatology.