This project addresses the knowledge gaps on how multiple biogeographical and anthropogenic processes interact to create risk in coastal areas. Its objectives are to: (1) determine the vulnerability gradients across the coastal areas of the SEA-EA region considering the coupled human and ecological systems; (2) understand the multi-scale dimensions and inputs on the adaptive capacities of human communities toward the vulnerability of coasts, of conflicts and competition over lands, sea areas, and resources in the region; and (3) determine efficient and effective strategies to link GEC research results with policy making, governance and conflict resolution. Among its expected outcomes are: biogeophysical and human-based indicators of vulnerability at different levels; protocols and guidelines for inter-comparability of indicators at different scales; protocols for data collection and synthesis for vulnerability assessment; new methodology for vulnerability assessment; updated databases on coastal systems in SEA-EA; appropriate management strategies and governance structure; and appropriate strategies to communicate risks and vulnerability of coastal areas to different stakeholders.